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Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Introduction to Surveying, Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveys01:27

Introduction to Surveying, Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveys

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Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It involves measuring distances, angles in horizontal or vertical directions, and levels to understand the shape and size of land features. Surveying techniques are essential for various tasks, such as identifying the levels of a land area with reference to a specific point, and mapping undulations and water bodies.There are two main types of surveying: plane surveys and geodetic surveys. Plane surveys assume the earth is flat,...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

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Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
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Errors and Mistakes in Surveying01:19

Errors and Mistakes in Surveying

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Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of...
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Types of Surveys01:27

Types of Surveys

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Surveys are essential for marking property boundaries near water bodies. Different types of surveys are defined, each with its own function. Land surveys mark the property boundaries, while route surveys determine the position of properties on nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by capturing the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys focus on the shapes of underwater areas and the movement of streams through the properties. Mine surveys determine the relative...
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Survey Safety01:28

Survey Safety

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Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management
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How Is Rectal Cancer Managed: a Survey Exploring Current Practice Patterns in Canada.

A Crawford1,2, J Firtell3, A Caycedo-Marulanda4,5,6

  • 1Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada.

Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer
|February 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Canadian surgeons show varied approaches to rectal cancer treatment, with a preference for longer intervals between neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery. Management of complete clinical response remains controversial, highlighting a need for standardized rectal cancer care.

Keywords:
ChemoradiationComplete clinical responseCurrent practicesNeoadjuvant therapyRectal cancerSurgeryTime interval

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Gastrointestinal Surgery

Background:

  • Locally advanced rectal cancer management typically involves neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery.
  • Current practices exhibit a lack of consensus on optimal timing between treatments and managing complete clinical response.
  • This study investigates current rectal cancer management trends among Canadian surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and analyze current rectal cancer management trends in Canada.
  • To identify variations in surgical timing, technique, and treatment strategies for complete clinical response.

Main Methods:

  • A 14-question survey was emailed to 115 Canadian surgeons specializing in rectal cancer.
  • Surgeons were identified through membership lists of the Canadian Association of General Surgeons and the Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons.
  • Response rate was 38.4%.

Main Results:

  • All surgeons utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for staging; 50% present cases at multidisciplinary conferences.
  • Minimally invasive techniques are common, but transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) is infrequently used.
  • Most surgeons prefer 8-10 weeks between chemoradiation and surgery; management of complete clinical response varies significantly, with <5% using 'watch and wait' universally.

Conclusions:

  • Canadian surgeons widely use MRI for staging and engage in multidisciplinary discussions.
  • Adoption of advanced minimally invasive techniques like taTME is limited.
  • Significant variability exists in treatment intervals and complete clinical response management, indicating a need for standardized rectal cancer protocols.