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Related Concept Videos

Correlations02:20

Correlations

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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
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Correlation and Causation01:27

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
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Correlation01:09

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In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
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Correlation and Regression00:53

Correlation and Regression

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In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a...
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Coefficient of Correlation01:12

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The correlation coefficient, r, developed by Karl Pearson in the early 1900s, is numerical and provides a measure of strength and direction of the linear association between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y.
If you suspect a linear relationship between x and y, then r can measure how strong the linear relationship is.
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Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education
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Correlates and Consequences of Nursing Staff Job Insecurity.

Ronald J Burke, Parbudyal Singh

    Journal of Health and Human Services Administration
    |February 2, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Healthcare restructuring and hospital downsizing impact nursing staff. Perceived job insecurity, though low in this study, negatively affects nurses’ well-being and work outcomes.

    Area of Science:

    • Healthcare Management
    • Nursing Studies
    • Occupational Health

    Background:

    • Governments globally have restructured healthcare systems and downsized hospitals to reduce deficits, particularly during economic recessions.
    • Historical and recent efforts have often led to negative impacts on nursing staff, including job insecurity.
    • This study investigates the current state of job insecurity among Canadian nursing staff.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the correlates and consequences of job insecurity among nursing staff in Ontario, Canada.
    • To assess the impact of job insecurity on nurses' well-being.
    • To identify potential strategies for mitigating subjective job insecurity.

    Main Methods:

    • A survey was conducted with 290 nursing staff members working in Ontario hospitals.

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  • Data collected included demographic information, work situation characteristics, and levels of perceived job insecurity.
  • Statistical analyses were performed to identify correlations between job insecurity and other factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Overall levels of job insecurity among the surveyed nursing staff were relatively low.
    • Personal demographics and work situation characteristics showed minimal correlation with feelings of job insecurity.
    • Perceived job insecurity was significantly associated with less favorable work outcomes and reduced well-being.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite low overall levels, job insecurity remains a concern for nursing staff well-being.
    • Job insecurity negatively impacts nurses' work environment and overall health.
    • Further strategies are needed to effectively address and reduce subjective job insecurity in the healthcare sector.