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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
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The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Tissue Preparation Techniques for Contrast-Enhanced Micro Computed Tomography Imaging of Large Mammalian Cardiac Models with Chronic Disease
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Note: Contrast enhancement and artifact suppression in computed tomography using sinogram normalization.

Ik-Hwan Kwon1, Chung-Ki Hong1, Jun Lim2

  • 1Applied Optics Laboratory, Department of Physics, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|February 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Incident beam fluctuations in synchrotron full-field transmission X-ray microscopy can degrade computed tomography images. We developed a sinogram normalization method to correct these fluctuations, significantly improving image contrast and reducing artifacts.

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Area of Science:

  • X-ray microscopy
  • Computed tomography
  • Image processing

Background:

  • Synchrotron full-field transmission X-ray microscopy (TX-FM) is sensitive to incident beam variations.
  • Fluctuations in beam intensity and direction degrade the quality of computed tomography (CT) reconstructed images.
  • Contrast degradation and artifacts are significant issues in TX-FM CT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple method for correcting incident-beam fluctuations in TX-FM CT.
  • To improve the image quality of TX-FM CT reconstructions affected by beam instability.
  • To mitigate contrast degradation and suppress artifacts caused by beam variations.

Main Methods:

  • A sinogram normalization technique was devised and applied.
  • The method corrects for changes in incident beam intensity and direction.
  • The effectiveness was evaluated on TX-FM CT data.

Main Results:

  • The developed sinogram normalization method effectively corrected for incident-beam fluctuations.
  • Image contrast was improved by 13% after applying the correction.
  • Artifacts in the reconstructed CT images were significantly suppressed.

Conclusions:

  • Sinogram normalization is a simple and effective method for correcting incident-beam fluctuations in TX-FM CT.
  • This technique enhances image quality by improving contrast and reducing artifacts.
  • The method offers a practical solution for improving TX-FM CT data reliability.