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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Phase transitions in single macromolecules: Loop-stretch transition versus loop adsorption transition in end-grafted

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This study compares loop adsorption and loop-stretch transitions using simulations and theory. Both transitions exhibit similar static behaviors but distinct dynamic relaxations, offering insights into polymer chain dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Computational Biophysics

Background:

  • Single molecule transitions are crucial for understanding polymer behavior.
  • Two key transitions are loop adsorption and loop-stretch, driven by different forces.
  • Comparing their static and dynamic properties reveals fundamental differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the static and dynamic behaviors of loop adsorption and loop-stretch transitions.
  • To analyze order parameters like surface contacts and end position.
  • To develop analytical expressions for crossover functions.

Main Methods:

  • Brownian dynamics simulations.
  • Analytical theory.
  • Finite-size scaling analysis.
  • Order parameter distribution analysis.

Main Results:

  • Both transitions are well-described by scaling laws with specific exponents (crossover exponent ϕ and Flory exponent ν).
  • Explicit analytical crossover functions accurately predict static properties for both transitions.
  • Dynamic relaxation shows qualitative differences, particularly in strongly ordered regimes.

Conclusions:

  • Loop adsorption and loop-stretch transitions offer unique opportunities for analytical modeling.
  • Static behaviors are similar, but dynamics differ due to local vs. global relaxation processes.
  • Surface contact dynamics are local, while end-height relaxation involves Rouse modes.