Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Published on: January 5, 2017
Tumor Microenvironment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
Abstract:
Recent studies about solid tumors demonstrated that tumor microenvironment has an important role in tumor progression, aggressivity, and metastasis process, in addition to genetic aberrations and molecular alterations of cancer cells. Therefore, the crosstalks between cancerous and noncancerous cells and metabolic changes in tumor microenvironment cause significant detrimental effects. The purpose of this review is to present the role and effect of noncancerous cells and their crosstalks with cancer cells, metabolic changes in tumor microenvironment, and to discuss the clinical significance of all these factors with respect to the current literature.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Arteries of the Head and Neck
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Veins of Head and Neck
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
The Tumor Microenvironment
Muscles of the Anterior Neck
Muscles that Move the Head
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...

