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Density00:56

Density

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Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its cgs unit is g/cm3. The density of an object helps in identifying its composition, and also reveals information about the phase of the matter and its substructure. The densities of liquids and solids are roughly comparable, consistent with the fact that their atoms are in close contact. However, gases have much lower densities than liquids and...
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Current Density01:21

Current Density

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Measurement: Derived Units03:02

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The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
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Strain-Energy Density01:20

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Understanding the strain energy density in materials under axial load is crucial for evaluating their mechanical behavior and durability. When a rod is subjected to such a load, it elongates and stores energy, known as strain energy, as potential energy within the material. This energy is measured in terms of energy per unit volume.
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Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

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Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
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Density and Archimedes' Principle01:05

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When a lump of clay is dropped into water, it sinks. But if the same lump of clay is molded into the shape of a boat, it starts to float. Because of its shape, the clay boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force, even though its mass is the same. The same holds true for steel ships. The average density of an object majorly determines if the object will float. If an object's average density is less than that of the surrounding fluid, it will float. The...
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Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research
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A comprehensive tool for measuring mammographic density changes over time.

Mikael Eriksson1, Jingmei Li2,3,4, Karin Leifland5

  • 1Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. Mikael.eriksson@ki.se.

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
|February 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammographic density changes, measured by the STRATUS tool, predict breast cancer risk. An alignment protocol reduced variability, improving density change analysis for better cancer incidence prediction and clinical follow-up.

Keywords:
Breast cancerEndocrine treatmentLongitudinalMammographic densityRecurrenceRiskTherapy responseTime series

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology and Medical Imaging
  • Oncology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Mammographic density is a key indicator for breast cancer risk and diagnostic accuracy.
  • Tracking density changes over time offers insights into endocrine treatment response and breast cancer incidence.
  • Automated analysis of mammograms is crucial for accurate and efficient risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the STRATUS tool for automated measurement of mammographic density changes.
  • To assess the impact of an image alignment protocol on reducing non-biological variability in density measurements.
  • To evaluate the association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk using the developed tool.

Main Methods:

  • STRATUS was developed using machine learning on digital and analogue mammograms from over 41,000 women.
  • An alignment protocol was created and evaluated on data from over 11,000 and 55,000 women to standardize density change measurements.
  • Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated in three independent datasets.

Main Results:

  • Mammographic density measurements showed an average relative risk of 1.6 for breast cancer per standard deviation increase in density.
  • The STRATUS tool demonstrated good discrimination (AUC 0.62) for breast cancer risk, irrespective of image type.
  • The alignment protocol significantly reduced non-biological variability, decreasing the estimated yearly density decrease from 1.5% to 0.9% (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • STRATUS provides reliable mammographic density measurements, unaffected by mammogram type.
  • The image alignment protocol effectively minimizes non-biological variations in density change over time.
  • STRATUS shows promise as a valuable tool for breast cancer epidemiology and clinical patient monitoring.