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Related Concept Videos

Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

106.6K
Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
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Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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Acidity of Carboxylic Acids01:21

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

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Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids. However, their acidic strength is much less than mineral acids like HCl. Carboxylic acids ionize in water and readily lose the hydroxyl proton to form a resonance-stabilized carboxylate ion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Electrochemical Preparation of Poly3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications
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Electrochemical Preparation of Poly3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications

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Uric Acid: The Lower the Better?

Gianni Bellomo, Antonio Selvi

    Contributions to Nephrology
    |February 3, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Urate-lowering therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) needs further research. Current evidence suggests a reasonable serum uric acid (UA) target of 5.0–6.0 mg/dL for patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia.

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Metabolic Disorders
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Uric acid (UA) is implicated as a risk factor and potential cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
    • Key clinical questions regarding the initiation, target levels, and duration of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) in asymptomatic hyperuricemia remain unanswered.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To address the unresolved clinical questions surrounding the management of hyperuricemia in the context of CKD.
    • To propose considerations for designing a future treatment-to-target trial for ULT in CKD patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing observational and intervention studies on uric acid and CKD.
    • Discussion of preliminary opinions on designing a treatment-to-target trial.
    • Analysis of potential risks associated with overtreatment and hypouricemia.

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    Main Results:

    • Current studies do not definitively answer when to start ULT or the optimal UA target.
    • A reasonable target for serum UA levels appears to be between 5.0 and 6.0 mg/dL.
    • Potential risks of overtreatment include hypouricemia and, rarely, xanthine nephropathy.

    Conclusions:

    • Further treatment-to-target trials are required to establish definitive guidelines for ULT in CKD.
    • A serum UA target of 5.0–6.0 mg/dL is suggested as a reasonable starting point.
    • Careful monitoring is necessary to avoid potential complications of overtreatment, such as hypouricemia.