Pattern recognition receptor mRNA expression and cytokine and granzyme levels in HIV infected individuals with neurotuberculosis
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
Published on: January 26, 2019
Deepashri Rao1, Ravi Vasanthapuram1, P Satishchandra2
1Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India.
Abstract:
Neurotuberculosis is one of the commonest HIV-associated opportunistic infections (OI) of the CNS. Cross-talk between HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host immune responses may alter expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), thereby affecting cytokine profiles and functional responses. We examined PRR mRNA expression and cytokine and granzyme levels in HIV infected individuals with neurotuberculosis and found significant downregulation of TLR9 and increased MDA5 expression compared to healthy subjects. Significantly higher Granzyme A and IFN-γ levels were also observed in the CSF of this group compared to CSF from non-infectious controls. These alterations may lead to inappropriate recruitment of immune cells to the CNS, leading to disease severity.
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