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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
A single-phase line consists of two solid cylindrical conductors, denoted as x and y. Each conductor carries phasor currents ix and iy, respectively. Given that the sum of these currents is...
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
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Atomistic evolution during the phase transition on a metastable single NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticle.

Min Wook Pin1,2, Eun Jin Park3,4, Suji Choi1,5

  • 1Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.

Scientific Reports
|February 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers observed the phase evolution of sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) using in situ heating transmission electron microscopy. They identified two distinct pathways for the transition from a metastable cubic to a stable hexagonal phase.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) nanoparticles doped with ytterbium (Yb) and erbium (Er) are crucial for upconversion applications.
  • Understanding the phase stability and transformation mechanisms of these nanoparticles is essential for optimizing their performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase evolution of metastable cubic NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) under heating.
  • To elucidate the atomistic mechanisms and identify different transformation pathways during phase transition.

Main Methods:

  • In situ heating experiments were conducted using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • Single nanoparticle analysis allowed for detailed observation of atomistic behavior during phase transition.

Main Results:

  • Void formation and evolution were observed below 420°C, transforming from circular to hexagonal-pillar shapes.
  • Two distinct phase transition routes from the cubic to the stable α-phase were identified: one via a β-phase and another via a liquid-like phase.
  • Specific crystallographic orientation relationships between the cubic and hexagonal phases were confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals complex phase evolution pathways in NaYF4:Yb,Er UCNPs.
  • The findings provide critical insights into the structural dynamics of UCNPs, aiding in the design of more stable and efficient upconversion materials.