Rad5 coordinates translesion DNA synthesis pathway by recognizing specific DNA structures in saccharomyces cerevisiae

DNA repair is essential to maintain genome integrity. In addition to various DNA repair pathways dealing with specific types of DNA lesions, DNA damage tolerance (DDT) promotes the bypass of DNA replication blocks encountered by the replication fork to prevent cell death. Budding yeast Rad5 plays an essential role in the DDT pathway and its structure indicates that Rad5 recognizes damaged DNA or stalled replication forks, suggesting that Rad5 plays an important role in the DDT pathway choice. It has been reported that Rad5 forms subnuclear foci in the presence of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) during the S phase. By analyzing the formation of Rad5 foci after MMS treatment, we showed that some specific DNA structures rather than mono-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen are required for the recruitment of Rad5 to the damaged site. Moreover, inactivation of the base excision repair (BER) pathway greatly decreased the Rad5 focus formation, suggesting that Rad5 recognizes specific DNA structures generated by BER. We also identified a negative role of overexpressed translesion synthesis polymerase Polη in the formation of Rad5 foci. Based on these data, we propose a modified DDT pathway model in which Rad5 plays a role in activating the DDT pathway.