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Flow Cytometry01:23

Flow Cytometry

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The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
In...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Gene Flow02:39

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Isolating Malignant and Non-Malignant B Cells from lck:eGFP Zebrafish
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Flow Cytometry in Pediatric Malignancies.

Anil Handoo1, Tina Dadu2

  • 1From Centre for Exellence - Flow Cytometry - Department of Hepatology, Dr BL Kapur Memorial Hospital, New Delhi, India. Correspondence to: Dr Anil Handoo, Senior Consultant Hematology and Director, Laboratory Services, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, 5 Pusa Road, New Delhi 110 005, India. dranilhandoo@yahoo.co.in.

Indian Pediatrics
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Flow cytometry is a powerful diagnostic tool for various cancers, including leukemias and lymphomas. This technique offers rapid, sensitive, and specific analysis, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of minimal residual disease in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic neoplasms.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Flow cytometry is a well-established diagnostic method for hematopoietic neoplasms.
  • It is integral to diagnosing and classifying leukemias and lymphomas, alongside molecular and cytogenetic studies.
  • Its role in prognostication and disease monitoring, particularly for minimal residual disease, is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse applications of flow cytometry in pediatric malignancies.
  • To highlight its utility beyond hematopoietic neoplasms, including non-hematopoietic cancers.
  • To emphasize its advantages over traditional diagnostic methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on flow cytometry applications in pediatric cancers.
  • Analysis of flow cytometry's capabilities in diagnosing and monitoring various neoplasms.
  • Comparison of flow cytometry with conventional cyto-morphology and immunohistochemistry.

Main Results:

  • Flow cytometry is effective for diagnosing and classifying hematopoietic neoplasms like leukemias and lymphomas.
  • It is valuable for detecting minimal residual disease and monitoring treatment response.
  • The technique is applicable to non-hematopoietic neoplasms in fluid and solid tissues, including pediatric cases.
  • Flow cytometry offers rapid, sensitive, and specific analysis, capable of simultaneous multi-marker detection.

Conclusions:

  • Flow cytometry is a versatile and indispensable tool in pediatric oncology.
  • Its ability to analyze limited samples and provide comprehensive cellular information enhances diagnostic accuracy.
  • The technique's utility extends to DNA ploidy analysis and the assessment of various pediatric neoplasms.