Remote sensing of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from waste incineration

Incomplete combustion processes lead to the formation of many gaseous byproducts that can be challenging to monitor in flue gas released via chimneys. This study presents ground-based remote sensing approaches to make greenhouse gas (GHG) flux measurements of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from a waste incineration chimney at distances of 150-200 m. The study found emission of N₂O (corresponding to 30-40 t yr^-1), which is a consequence of adding the reduction agent urea to decrease NO_X emissions due to NO_X regulation; a procedure that instead increases N₂O emissions (which is approximately 300 times more potent as a GHG than CO₂ on a 100-year time scale). CH₄ emissions of 7-11 t yr^-1 was also detected from the studied chimney despite the usage of a high incineration temperature. For this particular plant, local knowledge is high and emission estimates at corresponding levels have been reported previously. However, emissions of CH₄ are often not included in GHG emission inventories for waste incineration. This study highlights the importance of monitoring combustion processes, and shows the possibility of surveying CH₄ and N₂O emissions from waste incineration at distances of several hundred meters.