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Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...

Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.

Primary Production

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.

Primary Distribution

Primary Distribution

Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

Published on: April 14, 2017

Occult urolithiasis in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.

Yu-Kwang Donovan Tay^1,2,3, Minghao Liu¹, Leonardo Bandeira¹

¹a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York.

Endocrine Research

|February 6, 2018

Summary

Occult urolithiasis affects about 21% of patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Higher urinary calcium and activated vitamin D levels are associated with stone formation, suggesting targeted screening for PHPT patients.

Keywords:

Asymptomatic imaging occult nephrolithiasis predictors primary hyperparathyroidism stones

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

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Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence

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piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

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Published on: November 5, 2012

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Nephrology
Urology

Background:

International guidelines recommend renal imaging for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) to detect occult urolithiasis.
Limited data exists on the prevalence and risk factors of occult urolithiasis in PHPT patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the prevalence of occult urolithiasis in asymptomatic PHPT patients.
To identify risk factors associated with occult urolithiasis in this population.

Main Methods:

Cross-sectional analysis of 96 asymptomatic PHPT patients.
Evaluation of demographics, biochemical markers, bone mineral density, and imaging for nephrolithiasis.

Main Results:

Occult urolithiasis was found in 21% of patients.
Stone formers exhibited significantly higher 24-hour urinary calcium excretion and activated vitamin D levels.
Urinary calcium and activated vitamin D levels demonstrated predictive value for the presence of stones.

Conclusions:

Occult urolithiasis is common in asymptomatic PHPT, linked to elevated urinary calcium and activated vitamin D.
Targeted renal imaging in PHPT patients with high urinary calcium may be more efficient than universal screening.
Further research can refine risk stratification for occult urolithiasis in PHPT.