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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

Published on: April 19, 2018

Multifunctional Microelectro-Opto-mechanical Platform Based on Phase-Transition Materials.

Xi Wang¹, Kaichen Dong^1,2, Hwan Sung Choe¹

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.

|February 6, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) platform for dynamic optoelectronic devices. The novel platform achieves over 50% optical modulation depth and diverse functionalities for advanced applications.

Keywords:

Microelectro-opto-mechanical systems active enhanced absorber phase-transition materials reprogrammable electro-optic logic gate

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Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Hybrid electronic-photonic systems require multifunctional devices with dynamic responses.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) offer reconfigurability and reliability but face limitations in modulation depth, actuation voltage, and miniaturization.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a new microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) multifunctional platform overcoming current limitations.
To achieve high optical modulation depth and versatile functionalities for optoelectronic applications.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a cantilever array using vanadium dioxide, chromium, and gold nanolayers.
Utilizing the abrupt structural phase transition of vanadium dioxide for reconfigurability.
Employing temperature variation or electric current for platform control, aiming for CMOS-compatible voltages.

Main Results:

Demonstration of a MEMS platform with over 50% optical modulation depth across a broad wavelength range.
Successful experimental demonstration of an active enhanced absorber and a reprogrammable electro-optic logic gate.
Platform reconfigurability enabled by vanadium dioxide phase transition and controlled by diverse stimuli.

Conclusions:

The developed MEMS platform offers significant improvements in optical modulation depth and multifunctionality.
The platform's reconfigurability and compatibility with CMOS technology open avenues for advanced communication, energy harvesting, and optical computing.
This work paves the way for next-generation dynamic optoelectronic devices.