Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

42.7K
The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
42.7K
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

4.0K
During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
4.0K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

11.9K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
11.9K
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

7.1K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
7.1K
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

26.7K
A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
26.7K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.9K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
7.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

First pilot study of intrastromal rAAV-PAX6 gene therapy suggests improved corneal thickness and transcription correction in aniridic mouse.

Molecular therapy. Advances·2026
Same author

Objective verification of continuous speech sound discrimination using the acoustic change complex.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026
Same author

Humanized mice carrying a pathogenic GRN deletion as a pre-clinical platform for targeted gene therapies in frontotemporal dementia.

Neurobiology of disease·2026
Same author

Modification of internal RNA domains from the long non-coding RNA XIST refines roles in silencing and heterochromatin recruitment.

Human molecular genetics·2026
Same author

First pilot study of intravenous rAAV-PAX6 gene therapy increases retinal-ganglion-cell-layer thickness and Notch1 transcription in a mouse model of aniridia.

Gene therapy·2026
Same author

MiniPromoters Ple384 (TH) and Ple388 (PITX3) for targeting midbrain dopaminergic neurons in mice and monkeys.

Scientific reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
08:19

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 19, 2011

12.3K

Human cis-acting elements regulating escape from X-chromosome inactivation function in mouse.

Samantha B Peeters1, Andrea J Korecki2, Elizabeth M Simpson2

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.

Human Molecular Genetics
|February 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers investigated why some genes on the X chromosome avoid inactivation. A mouse model successfully demonstrated that human X-chromosome inactivation escape genes can be studied, aiding understanding of sex differences in gene expression.

More Related Videos

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation
07:38

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

Published on: June 28, 2011

14.9K
Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
15:54

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: June 14, 2014

28.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
08:19

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 19, 2011

12.3K
Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation
07:38

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

Published on: June 28, 2011

14.9K
Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
15:54

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: June 14, 2014

28.5K

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
  • Mammalian Genetics
  • Genomics and Bioinformatics

Background:

  • X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences most genes on one X chromosome in females.
  • A subset of X-linked genes escape silencing, contributing to sex-based gene expression differences.
  • Human X-linked genes show broader escape patterns than mouse genes, raising questions about conserved regulatory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if the regulatory mechanisms for human X-chromosome inactivation escape genes are conserved in mice.
  • To establish a mouse model for studying human escape gene regulation and identifying critical elements.
  • To investigate the potential of using mouse models to understand sex differences in gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of human and mouse bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing escape genes and flanking regions into the mouse X-linked Hprt locus.
  • Analysis of gene expression levels for human genes (RPS4X and CITED1) within the mouse system.
  • Assessment of promoter DNA methylation patterns associated with the human escape genes.

Main Results:

  • Human genes RPS4X and CITED1 exhibited escape-level expression in the mouse model.
  • Low promoter DNA methylation was observed for the human escape genes, mirroring patterns seen in human cells.
  • The mouse system successfully recognized and expressed human XCI escape gene elements.

Conclusions:

  • The mouse model is capable of recapitulating human X-chromosome inactivation escape gene regulation.
  • This validates the use of mouse models for dissecting the molecular elements critical for human XCI escape.
  • Findings contribute to understanding conserved mechanisms underlying sex differences in gene expression.