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Related Concept Videos

Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
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Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Angle of Twist - Elastic Range01:13

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

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Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...
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Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Range Rule of Thumb to Interpret Standard Deviation01:13

Range Rule of Thumb to Interpret Standard Deviation

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The range rule of thumb in statistics helps us calculate a dataset's minimum and maximum values with known standard deviation. This rule is based on the concept that 95% of all values in a dataset lie within two standard deviations from the mean.
For instance, the range rule of thumb can be used to find the tallest and the shortest student in a class, given the mean student height and standard deviation. If the mean student height is 1.6 m and the standard deviation, s is 0.05 m, the height...
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Enhanced underwater ranging using an optical vortex.

Austin Jantzi, William Jemison, Alan Laux

    Optics Express
    |February 7, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    An optical vortex improves underwater laser ranging accuracy by distinguishing reflected light from scattered light. This technique enhances target discrimination in turbid water conditions for better optical sensing.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Photonics
    • Underwater Sensing

    Background:

    • Underwater laser ranging systems face challenges with scattering, reducing accuracy.
    • Distinguishing target-reflected light from scattered light is crucial for underwater object detection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To enhance the ranging accuracy of underwater pulsed laser ranging systems.
    • To investigate the use of optical vortices for improved underwater target discrimination.

    Main Methods:

    • An experiment used a pulsed Gaussian beam to illuminate an underwater object.
    • Object-reflected and scattered light were passed through a diffractive spiral phase plate.
    • An optical vortex was formed from the spatially coherent component of the return signal.

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    Main Results:

    • The optical vortex effectively discriminated desired object-reflected light from spatially incoherent scatter.
    • Spatially coherent ballistic target return was discriminated from incoherent forward scattered light up to eight attenuation lengths.
    • The method demonstrated improved performance in turbid water conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Optical vortices offer a novel method for enhancing underwater laser ranging accuracy.
    • This technique can improve underwater imaging and lidar systems by improving target discrimination.
    • The findings suggest new avenues for optical sensing in challenging aquatic environments.