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Related Concept Videos

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

34.2K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
34.2K
Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

36.2K
A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
36.2K
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

10.6K
During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...
10.6K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

49.4K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
49.4K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.7K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.7K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.5K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.5K

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Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing
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Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

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Strong coupling in a microcavity containing β-carotene.

Richard T Grant, Rahul Jayaprakash, David M Coles

    Optics Express
    |February 7, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    We coupled light with beta-carotene molecules in a microcavity, observing strong light-matter interactions for the 0-1 transition. This could alter photosynthesis and molecular energy states.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular physics
    • Quantum optics
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Beta-carotene exhibits distinct electronic and vibronic transitions.
    • Microcavities confine light-matter interactions.
    • Understanding light-matter coupling is crucial for quantum technologies and biological processes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To fabricate an open-cavity microcavity with beta-carotene.
    • To investigate the light-matter coupling regime of beta-carotene transitions within the microcavity.
    • To explore potential applications in modifying photosynthetic processes.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of an open-cavity microcavity structure.
    • Thin-film deposition of beta-carotene.
    • Spectroscopic analysis of optical absorption and light-matter interactions.
    • Modeling transitions using Lorentzian functions.

    Main Results:

    • Beta-carotene absorption modeled by Lorentzian functions for multiple vibronic transitions (0-0 to 0-4).
    • Observed anti-crossing between the cavity mode and the beta-carotene 0-1 vibronic transition.
    • Other transitions remained in weak or intermediate coupling due to lower oscillator strength and broader linewidths.

    Conclusions:

    • Strong light-matter coupling achieved for specific beta-carotene transitions within a microcavity.
    • Potential for modifying photosynthetic efficiency and altering molecular energy state ordering.
    • Highlights the role of oscillator strength and linewidth in determining coupling regimes.