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    Area of Science:

    • Microfabrication
    • Optical Engineering
    • Polymer Science

    Background:

    • Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is crucial for advanced microstructures but relies on bulky, expensive femtosecond lasers.
    • Existing TPP platforms limit accessibility due to cost and size.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose an inexpensive and compact alternative to TPP for 3D microfabrication.
    • To demonstrate single-photon polymerization through an endoscopic system.

    Main Methods:

    • Adapting an endoscopic imaging system for single-photon 3D microfabrication.
    • Shaping the wavefront of a visible continuous-wave laser.
    • Focusing the laser through an ultra-thin multimode optical fiber (70 μm diameter).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved single-photon polymerization confined to a phase-controlled focal spot via photoresist non-linearity.
    • Demonstrated 3D fabrication of solid and hollow microstructures through a multimode fiber.
    • Obtained a printing resolution of 1.0 μm laterally and 21.5 μm axially.

    Conclusions:

    • Developed an inexpensive and compact single-photon 3D microfabrication technique.
    • Enabled microfabrication through endoscopic probes using accessible laser sources.
    • Opened new avenues for advanced functional microstructures in minimally invasive applications.