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Uniform Distribution01:19

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The uniform distribution is a continuous probability distribution of events with an equal probability of occurrence. This distribution is rectangular.
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Uniform circular motion is a specific type of motion in which an object travels in a circle with a constant speed. For example, any point on a propeller spinning at a constant rate is undergoing uniform circular motion. The second, minute, and hour hands of a watch also undergo uniform circular motion. It is hard to believe that points on these rotating objects are actually accelerating, even though the rotation rate is constant. To understand this, we must analyze the motion in terms of...
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Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
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Random lasing in uniform perovskite thin films.

Amma Safdar, Yue Wang, Thomas F Krauss

    Optics Express
    |February 7, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers achieved random lasing from continuous metal halide perovskite thin films. This breakthrough offers a simpler, low-cost approach for developing novel perovskite-based light-emitting devices at room temperature.

    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Metal halide perovskites show promise for solar cells and light emission.
    • Previous lasing studies utilized complex engineered or self-assembled structures.
    • Lasing from continuous perovskite thin films remained unreported.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate random lasing from continuous metal halide perovskite thin films.
    • To explore the potential of simple, solution-processed perovskite layers for light emission applications.
    • To investigate the influence of processing conditions on lasing behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of continuous metal halide perovskite thin films using solution-based methods.
    • Characterization of lasing properties, including threshold and mode behavior.

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  • Systematic variation of solution processing conditions to control film properties and lasing outcome.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful observation of random lasing action from continuous perovskite thin films on unpatterned glass substrates.
    • Achieved room-temperature operation with a minimum threshold of 10 µJ/cm2.
    • Demonstrated control over random lasing occurrence by adjusting solution processing parameters.
    • Observed rare single and dual mode lasing in some films.

    Conclusions:

    • Continuous perovskite thin films can exhibit random lasing, simplifying device fabrication.
    • Solution processing offers a versatile route to tune perovskite film properties for controlled lasing.
    • This work expands the capabilities of perovskite materials for light-emitting applications.