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Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Tick borne illness-Lyme disease.

Larry M Bush1, Maria T Vazquez-Pertejo2

  • 1Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL; University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Palm Beach County, FL.

Disease-A-Month : DM
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is a common tick-borne illness in the US, primarily affecting the Northeast. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and serologic testing, with treatment varying by disease stage.

Keywords:
BorreliaIxodes ticksLyme diseaseanaplasmosisbabesiosiscarditischronic Lyme diseasechronic arthritisdeer ticksehrlichiosiserythema migrans

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Tick-borne Illnesses

Background:

  • Lyme disease is the most prevalent tick-borne illness in the United States, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
  • Transmission occurs via Ixodes ticks, with major US incidence in the Northeast and upper Midwest, and also reported in Europe, China, and Japan.
  • The white-footed mouse serves as the primary reservoir for B. burgdorferi, while deer host adult ticks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease.
  • To address the controversy surrounding 'Chronic Lyme Disease' and unproven therapies.
  • To highlight co-infections transmitted by the same tick vectors.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical evaluation forms the basis of diagnosis.
  • Serologic testing, employing a two-step process, supports the diagnosis.
  • Treatment strategies are stage-dependent, utilizing antibiotics like doxycycline, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone.

Main Results:

  • Lyme disease presents in three stages: early localized (erythema migrans), early disseminated (flu-like symptoms, neurological, cardiac), and late (arthritis).
  • The validity of 'Chronic Lyme Disease' is questioned by experts, who caution against prolonged, unproven antimicrobial treatments.
  • Co-infections such as Babesia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma can occur simultaneously due to shared tick vectors.

Conclusions:

  • Lyme disease diagnosis requires careful clinical and serologic interpretation.
  • Effective treatment depends on the stage of the disease.
  • No preventative vaccine is currently available, emphasizing prevention through tick avoidance.