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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Maximum human objectively measured pharmacologically stimulated accommodative amplitude.

Andrzej Grzybowski1,2, Ronald A Schachar3, Magdalena Gaca-Wysocka2

  • 1Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan.

Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacologic stimulation with pilocarpine can induce significant accommodative amplitude in young adults. This objectively measured accommodation exceeds typical subjective maximums, offering insights into ocular function.

Keywords:
accommodative amplitudemaximumobjectivepilocarpine

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of accommodative amplitude is crucial for understanding visual function.
  • Pharmacologic agents can be used to stimulate accommodation for research purposes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To objectively measure the maximum accommodative amplitude induced by pilocarpine stimulation.
  • To compare pharmacologically induced accommodation with subjectively measured voluntary maximums.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy young subjects underwent pupillary dilation with phenylephrine.
  • Autorefraction was performed before and after instillation of pilocarpine and phenylephrine.
  • Accommodative amplitude was calculated based on changes in spherical equivalent refraction.

Main Results:

  • Pilocarpine induced a mean accommodative amplitude of 9.73±3.64 diopters.
  • Five subjects achieved amplitudes of 14.00 diopters or greater.
  • Accommodative amplitude was not significantly correlated with baseline refraction, pupil size, or iris color.

Conclusions:

  • Topically applied pilocarpine reliably induces significant accommodative amplitude in young individuals.
  • Objectively measured pilocarpine-induced accommodation is comparable to or exceeds reported subjective maximums.
  • This method provides a valuable tool for assessing accommodative function.