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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells
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Pathogenesis of non-functioning pituitary adenomas.

Maria Chiara Zatelli1

  • 1Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Ariosto 35, 44100, Ferrara, Italy. ztlmch@unife.it.

Pituitary
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The pathogenesis of non functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) involves complex molecular, genetic, and epigenetic factors. This review explores the roles of microRNAs, pituitary stem cells, and paracrine signaling in NFPA development.

Keywords:
Non functioning pituitary adenomasPathogenesisSignalling pathway derangements

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Molecular Oncology
  • Pituitary Tumor Pathogenesis Research

Background:

  • Non functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic and epigenetic alterations.
  • Key factors include tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, and cell cycle dysregulation.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and pituitary stem cells are implicated in NFPA initiation and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the factors contributing to NFPA pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the roles of molecular, genetic, and epigenetic modifications.
  • To discuss the involvement of miRNAs, pituitary stem cells, and paracrine signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on NFPA pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of studies investigating molecular and genetic factors.
  • Synthesis of findings on miRNAs, stem cells, and paracrine signaling.

Main Results:

  • NFPA development is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic mutations and epigenetic changes.
  • MicroRNAs and pituitary stem cells play significant roles in tumorigenesis.
  • Paracrine signaling is a critical, yet often overlooked, factor in NFPA pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the multifaceted pathogenesis of NFPA is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
  • Further research into miRNAs, stem cells, and paracrine signaling may reveal new therapeutic strategies.
  • This review consolidates current understanding, emphasizing the complexity of NFPA development.