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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Sports and Headaches.

Randolph W Evans1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.

Headache
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Millions of Americans experience sports-related mild traumatic brain injuries annually, often leading to various headaches. This review covers sports-associated headaches, including exertional and weightlifter's types.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sports Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Sports participation leads to millions of mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) annually in the U.S.
  • MTBI is frequently followed by diverse headache presentations.
  • Understanding these headaches is crucial for athlete recovery and management.

Observation:

  • The incidence of sports-related MTBI affects up to 3.8 million individuals yearly.
  • Headaches are a common sequela of sports-related MTBI.
  • Specific headache types associated with athletic activities are examined.

Findings:

  • Sports-related MTBI can precipitate various headache disorders.
  • Exertional headache, weightlifter's headache, and external compression headache are reviewed in the context of sports.
Keywords:
cough headacheexertional headachefootballer's migraineposttraumatic headachesports headacheweightlifter's headache

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  • These headaches may arise during or after physical exertion.

    • Implications:

    • Improved diagnosis and management strategies for sports-related headaches are needed.
    • This review highlights the importance of recognizing and treating MTBI-associated headaches in athletes.
    • Further research can elucidate the pathophysiology and optimal treatment of these specific headache types.