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Related Concept Videos

Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

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The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
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Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

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Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

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In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
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Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

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The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis
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Demyelination with preferential MAG loss: A complex message from MS paraffin blocks.

Reza Rahmanzadeh1, Mohammad Ali Sahraian1, Ramin Rahmanzade1

  • 1MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Multiple sclerosis (MS) may not be primarily autoimmune. Neuropathology suggests myelin loss, particularly myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), indicates a potential primary oligodendrocytopathy in MS, challenging current understanding.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityDemyelinationMultiple sclerosisMyelin-associated glycoproteinNeuropathologyOligodendrocyteVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuropathology
  • Oligodendrocyte biology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is traditionally viewed as a demyelinating autoimmune disorder.
  • Neuropathological findings in MS lesions present inconsistencies with a purely autoimmune etiology.
  • Preferential loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is frequently observed in MS tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neuropathological studies of MS tissues reporting demyelination with preferential MAG loss.
  • To discuss emerging hypotheses that explain the observed demyelination patterns in MS.
  • To explore the potential role of primary oligodendrocytopathy in MS pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing neuropathological literature on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) distribution and loss in MS.
  • Synthesis of emerging explanations for observed neuropathological findings.

Main Results:

  • Neuropathological data indicate demyelination with preferential loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in MS.
  • MAG's location suggests it is not readily accessible to immune cells, implying non-immune mediated myelin damage.
  • Oligodendrocytopathy may precede inflammatory cell infiltration in MS lesions.

Conclusions:

  • The observed demyelination pattern in MS challenges the traditional autoimmune model.
  • Primary oligodendrocytopathy is a plausible explanation for preferential MAG loss in MS.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms driving MS pathogenesis.