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Atomic Mass01:52

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Preparation of Whole Bone Marrow for Mass Cytometry Analysis of Neutrophil-lineage Cells
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High bone mass in adults.

Julien Paccou1, Laetitia Michou2, Sami Kolta3

  • 1Département de rhumatologie, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; PMOI, EA 4490, 59000 Lille, France.

Joint Bone Spine
|February 7, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High bone mineral density (BMD) found on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans can stem from various causes, including artifacts, diseases, or genetic conditions. Identifying the specific reason is crucial for proper diagnosis and management.

Keywords:
Bone mineral densityBone sclerosisHigh bone massHigh bone mineral densityLRP5OsteopetrosisSclerostin

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • High bone mineral density (BMD) detected via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a recognized clinical finding.
  • There is no universal definition for high BMD, with proposed thresholds including T-scores or Z-scores of ≥+2.5 or ≥+4.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and classify the diverse causes of high BMD.
  • To highlight the diagnostic approaches for identifying the underlying etiology of elevated BMD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature and clinical findings related to high BMD.
  • Classification of high BMD causes into focal vs. generalized and acquired vs. constitutional categories.
  • Discussion of diagnostic investigations including imaging, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis.

Main Results:

  • Over half of high BMD cases are attributable to artifacts (e.g., degenerative changes, vascular calcifications) or focal lesions (e.g., bone metastases, Paget's disease).
  • Generalized acquired high BMD can result from systemic conditions like fluorosis, renal osteodystrophy, hematological disorders, and hepatitis C.
  • High BMD is also a characteristic of genetic disorders, including osteopetrosis and conditions related to SOST or LRP5 gene mutations.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate interpretation of DXA scans and reports is essential for identifying artifactual or focal causes of high BMD.
  • Further investigations are often necessary to determine the etiology of generalized acquired high BMD.
  • Genetic factors play a significant role in certain cases of high BMD, necessitating specialized genetic testing.