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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Thyroid Autoimmunity: An Interplay of Factors.

Stephen J Merrill1, Sarah B Minucci2

  • 1Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States.

Vitamins and Hormones
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid autoimmunity involves complex interactions between genetics, environmental factors, and immune responses. Adipokines and vitamin D, alongside innate thyroid cell reactions, are key to breaking self-tolerance and initiating disease.

Keywords:
AdipokinesAdipose tissueGraves’ diseaseHashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditisLeptinMolecular mimicsPAMPsVitamin D(3)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid autoimmunity arises from numerous interacting factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, drugs, and infections.
  • Distinguishing causal factors from disease consequences is challenging due to complex interactions and the difficulty in identifying the initial trigger for self-antigen tolerance breakdown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted factors contributing to thyroid autoimmunity.
  • To describe the intricate interactions among these factors in disease development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of factors influencing thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms for breaking self-tolerance.

Main Results:

  • Adipokines (leptin, TNF-α, IL-6) and vitamin D interact with white adipose tissue and the immune system, potentially providing adjuvant signals.
  • Thyroid cells possess Toll-like receptors that can respond to pathogen-associated patterns, contributing to the inflammatory environment.
  • Genetic susceptibility and molecular mimics shape the specificity and likelihood of autoimmune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid autoimmunity results from an interplay of external immune-modulating signals (adipokines, vitamin D) and internal innate responses of thyroid cells.
  • Genetics and molecular mimicry determine the target self-antigens and the probability of an autoimmune reaction.