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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

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Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
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Types of Hormones01:21

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Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Published on: October 6, 2023

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Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Development.

Cecilia H A Gouveia1, Manuela Miranda-Rodrigues2, Gisele M Martins3

  • 1Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Vitamins and Hormones
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone (TH) is vital for bone development and growth. This review explores how TH directly and indirectly impacts skeletal cells to regulate bone formation and maturation.

Keywords:
Growth plateLongitudinal bone growthOssificationSkeletal developmentThyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a critical role in skeletal development from fetal life through puberty.
  • TH influences both endochondral and intramembranous ossification, as well as longitudinal bone growth.
  • TH acts directly on skeletal cells and indirectly via the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which thyroid hormone regulates skeletal development.
  • To highlight the direct and indirect actions of TH on bone growth and maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro and in vivo studies.
  • Analysis of mouse genetic studies.
  • Examination of clinical data from patients with thyroid hormone resistance.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports direct actions of TH on skeletal cells.
  • TH receptors, transporters, and enzymes are present in skeletal cells.
  • Studies confirm the crucial role of TH in skeletal development.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone is essential for normal skeletal development and maturation.
  • Direct actions of TH in skeletal cells are critical for bone growth.
  • Further understanding of TH's regulatory mechanisms in the skeleton is ongoing.