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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

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Thyroid Hormone Role and Economy in the Developing Testis.

Arturo Hernandez¹

¹Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States.

Vitamins and Hormones

|February 7, 2018

Summary

Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for male reproductive function. Proper TH levels and action in the developing testis are essential for testicular development and male fertility.

Keywords:

Antimullerian hormone DIO1 DIO2 DIO3 Deiodinase Estrogen Follicle-stimulating hormone Germ cells Gonadal axis Inhibin Leydig cell Luteinizing hormone MCT8 OATP1C1 Sertoli cell Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia Steroidogenesis T3 T4 THRA Testis Testosterone Thyroid hormone Thyroid hormone receptors Thyroid hormone transporter Thyroxine Triiodothyronine

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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Reproductive Biology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Thyroid hormones (TH) have widespread regulatory effects on growth, metabolism, and development.
The developing testis is increasingly recognized as a significant target for TH action.
Disruptions in TH status (hypo- or hyperthyroidism) negatively impact testicular size and cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the critical role of thyroid hormones in testicular development and function.
To understand how TH status influences key testicular cell types and reproductive processes.
To explore the local mechanisms regulating TH action within the developing testis.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on thyroid hormone effects on testicular development.
Analysis of the expression and function of TH-related molecules in the testis.
Correlation of systemic TH levels and local testicular TH regulation with reproductive outcomes.

Main Results:

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism adversely affect testicular size, Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cell proliferation and differentiation.
These hormonal imbalances lead to impaired steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, and reduced male fertility.
The developing testis possesses local mechanisms, including transporters, deiodinases, and receptors, to modulate TH action.

Conclusions:

Appropriate TH levels and action within the testis are critical for normal testicular and reproductive function.
Local regulatory elements like thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA), MCT8 transporter, DIO2, and DIO3 are key players in testicular TH economy.
Understanding these local mechanisms is vital for addressing male infertility related to thyroid dysfunction.