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Related Concept Videos

Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not...
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway02:54

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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Related Experiment Video

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Signaling Pathways in Thyroid Cancer.

Shan Jin1, Yun-Tian Yang1, Wuyuntu Bao1

  • 1Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.

Vitamins and Hormones
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid cancer incidence is rising, driven by genetic and molecular changes. While current treatments are effective for many, new therapies are needed for refractory cases, focusing on signaling pathways.

Keywords:
Reclaim therapySignaling pathwayTargeted therapyThyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer morbidity shows a gradual annual increase across demographics and tumor characteristics.
  • Alterations in thyroid cell genes, signaling pathways, and molecular dysfunction drive cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis.
  • Established treatments like surgery, radioiodine, and endocrinotherapy offer good prognoses for most patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of thyroid cancer treatment, highlighting challenges in refractory cases.
  • To explore the potential of "reclaim therapy" and systemic interventions based on signaling pathways for refractory thyroid cancer.
  • To identify new therapeutic directions for advanced or treatment-resistant thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of current research on thyroid cancer epidemiology and treatment modalities.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms, including genetic changes and signaling pathways involved in thyroid cancer.
  • Evaluation of the efficacy and limitations of existing and emerging therapeutic strategies, including targeted drugs.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing, with changes in nationality, sex, age, tumor size, and staging observed.
  • Targeted therapies show promise but have a significant gap between predictive value and actual efficacy for refractory thyroid cancer.
  • No completely effective drugs are currently available for all thyroid cancer cases.

Conclusions:

  • Despite advances, refractory thyroid cancer remains a challenge, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches.
  • "Reclaim therapy" targeting residual tumors and systemic interventions based on signaling pathways offer promising avenues.
  • Further research into molecular pathways is crucial for developing more effective treatments and improving patient outcomes for refractory thyroid cancer.