Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 14, 2026

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery
Published on: February 17, 2018
Quantitative relationship of first metatarsophalangeal head morphology to hallux rigidus and hallux valgus
James D Michelson1, Jessie W Janowski1, Mark D Charlson1
1Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA.
Background:
Previous qualitative studies have linked first metatarsal head morphology with hallux valgus (HV) and hallux rigidus (HR). This study used a quantitative measurement of 1st MT radius of curvature to assess if HR MT heads were flatter than HV heads.
Methods:
Weight bearing foot films were used in HV, HR, and normal patients (no forefoot complaints) to measure the metatarsal head radius of curvature (normalized by dividing the radius of curvature by the first metatarsal length to adjust for magnification and foot size).
Results:
Radiographs from 299 feet were analyzed (105 normal, 57 HR, and 137 HV). The mean normalized radius of curvature was smaller in HV than HR, with normal feet in between (p<.05 for all comparisons). Metatarsal head curvature did not vary with age, weight, or BMI.
Conclusion:
These quantitative measurements are consistent with qualitative observations, validating the use of subjective metatarsal head morphology assessments.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Relationship Formation
Ending Relationships
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Duration of Dose-Effect Relationship
Relationship Growth
Muscles that Move the Head
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Intensity of Dose-Effect Relationship

