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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells
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DNA methylation profiling in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

Paulina Kober1, Joanna Boresowicz2, Nataliia Rusetska1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|February 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) show distinct DNA methylation profiles compared to normal pituitary tissue. Aberrant epigenetic changes in NFPAs are linked to cancer-related pathway deregulation and specific gene expression alterations.

Keywords:
AdenomaDNA methylationEpigeneticsGene expressionNFPAPituitary

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Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation
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Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are common intracranial tumors.
  • The molecular basis and epigenetic regulation of NFPAs are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in NFPAs.
  • To identify epigenetic alterations contributing to NFPA development and invasiveness.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of 34 NFPAs and normal pituitary samples.
  • Assessment of methylation status and gene expression in 75 patients.
  • Preliminary functional analysis of affected pathways.

Main Results:

  • NFPAs display a distinct global methylation profile compared to normal pituitary.
  • Promoter hypermethylation and decreased expression of SFN, STAT5A, DUSP1, PTPRE, and FGFR2 were observed.
  • Invasive NFPAs showed subtle methylation differences but specific epigenetic deregulation, including ITPKB upregulation and CNKSR1 downregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant DNA methylation is implicated in the deregulation of cancer-related pathways in NFPAs.
  • Specific genes are epigenetically altered in NFPAs, with some changes associated with invasiveness.