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Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Hindsight Biases01:12

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Bias01:22

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Subliminal Perception01:15

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Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...
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Factors Affecting Perception01:25

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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
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Perception

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Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats
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Lung cancer risk perception biases.

Nicolas R Ziebarth1

  • 1Cornell University, United States; DIW Berlin, Germany; IZA Bonn, Germany; RWI Essen, Germany.

Preventive Medicine
|February 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Most smokers and non-smokers overestimate lung cancer survival rates, a key factor influencing quitting intentions. Public health campaigns are needed to correct these biased perceptions about smoking risks.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Behavioral Science
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality.
  • Accurate risk perception is crucial for health behavior change, particularly smoking cessation.
  • Previous research indicates potential biases in understanding cancer risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate predictors of lung cancer risk perception among smokers, never smokers, and former smokers.
  • To examine the relationship between risk perception and smoking cessation intentions.
  • To provide evidence for public health interventions aimed at correcting risk misperceptions.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional online survey conducted in Berlin in 2013.
  • Inclusion of 664 smokers, 703 never smokers, and 501 former smokers.
Keywords:
5-year survival rateLung cancerRisk perception biasSmoking

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  • Assessment of lung cancer risk perceptions, intention to quit, and self-assessed likelihood of quitting success using multivariate linear regressions.

    • Main Results:

    • 80% of all respondents overestimated lung cancer survival rates.
    • Smokers not planning to quit estimated the 5-year lung cancer survival rate to be 11% higher than other smokers.
    • Significant room exists for public health campaigns to educate the public on lung cancer deadliness.

    Conclusions:

    • Biased perceptions of lung cancer risk are prevalent across different smoking groups.
    • Correcting these risk perception biases may positively influence smoking cessation intentions and success.
    • Public health initiatives should focus on improving accurate understanding of lung cancer lethality to encourage behavior change.