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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Formulas02:52

Chemical Formulas

61.8K
A chemical formula presents information about the proportions of atoms constituting a particular chemical compound or molecule, mainly using symbols of elements and numbers. At times other symbols, such as dashes, parentheses, brackets, commas, plus, and minus signs, are also used. A chemical formula can be one of three types – molecular, empirical, and structural.
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Chemical Equations03:10

Chemical Equations

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Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left side of the equation. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→) separates the reactant and product (left and right)...
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Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them...
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Types of Chemical Bonds02:37

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter02:57

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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Experimental Determination of Chemical Formula02:37

Experimental Determination of Chemical Formula

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The elemental makeup of a compound defines its chemical identity, and chemical formulas are the most concise way of representing this elemental makeup. When a compound’s formula is unknown, measuring the mass of its constituent elements is often the first step in determining the formula experimentally.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins SIRT2 and Specific Protein-substrates
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Chemical Probes in Sirtuin Research.

Xiao Hu1, Weiping Zheng1

  • 1Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|February 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Sirtuins are enzymes crucial for cellular processes like gene transcription and metabolism. Chemical probes are vital for understanding sirtuin mechanisms and developing therapies for diseases such as cancer.

Keywords:
cancerchemical probedeacylationinhibitormechanismmetabolismmono-ADP-ribosylationneurodegenerationsirtuin

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Enzymology
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Sirtuins are conserved intracellular enzymes homologous to yeast Sir2.
  • They catalyze protein deacylation and mono-ADP-ribosylation reactions using β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD+).
  • Sirtuins regulate diverse cellular processes including gene transcription and metabolism, acting on both histone and nonhistone proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the development and application of chemical probes in sirtuin research.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic aspects of sirtuin-catalyzed reactions.
  • To highlight the role of chemical probes in advancing sirtuin-targeted therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on sirtuin research and chemical probe development.
  • Analysis of mechanistic studies on sirtuin enzymatic activities.
  • Examination of pharmacological applications of sirtuin modulators.

Main Results:

  • Sirtuin-catalyzed deacylation is a key regulatory mechanism in cellular processes.
  • β-NAD+ is an essential cosubstrate for sirtuin enzymatic activity.
  • Chemical probes have significantly contributed to understanding sirtuin function and developing therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Sirtuins represent promising therapeutic targets for cancer, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases.
  • Advancements in mechanistic understanding and chemical modulator development are crucial for therapeutic potential.
  • Chemical probes are indispensable tools for sirtuin research and drug discovery.