Structural heterogeneity and dynamics in protein evolution and design

Recent years have witnessed substantial progress in our ability to design proteins with specific structures and to introduce new functionalities into existing protein scaffolds. Such protein design efforts test our understanding of the biophysical and functional mechanisms of naturally evolved proteins. At the same time, we also know that proteins are dynamical entities, and that many proteins rely on detailed dynamical mechanisms for regulation and function. Thus, the success of design methods, especially in relation to functional proteins, might benefit from explicit considerations of conformational heterogeneity and dynamics. In this review, we compare results from the field of protein design with laboratory protein evolution with a focus on dynamics. Recent studies show that structural dynamics is altered during evolutionary trajectories, and that allosteric effects are pronounced. Interaction networks and the resulting coupling of structure and dynamics are suggested to facilitate these effects.