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Complete ammonia oxidation: an important control on nitrification in engineered ecosystems?

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Complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) bacteria, capable of nitrification, have been discovered in various ecosystems. This finding challenges traditional understanding of the microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle and water treatment processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Biogeochemical cycles

Background:

  • Nitrification is crucial for ammonium removal in water and wastewater treatment.
  • Traditionally, nitrification was attributed to two distinct microbial groups: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria/archaea and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.
  • The discovery of complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) bacteria has introduced a new paradigm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the distribution of comammox bacteria, particularly in engineered ecosystems.
  • To present recent genomic and experimental insights into the ecophysiology of comammox bacteria.
  • To re-evaluate the microbial communities and biochemical pathways governing nitrification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on comammox bacteria distribution.
  • Analysis of recent genomic studies on comammox bacteria.
  • Review of experimental data on comammox bacterial ecophysiology.

Main Results:

  • Comammox bacteria have been identified across diverse environments, including engineered systems.
  • Genomic and experimental data reveal novel insights into comammox bacterial physiology.
  • The presence of comammox bacteria necessitates a revision of established nitrification models.

Conclusions:

  • Comammox bacteria represent a significant discovery in nitrification research.
  • Their widespread distribution, especially in engineered ecosystems, impacts water treatment strategies.
  • Further research into comammox bacteria is essential for understanding and optimizing nitrogen cycling processes.