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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Smartphone Fundus Photography

Smartphone Fundus Photography

Published on: July 6, 2017

Problematic smartphone use, nature connectedness, and anxiety.

Miles Richardson¹, Zaheer Hussain¹, Mark D Griffiths²

¹1 Department of Life Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby , Derby, UK.

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

|February 9, 2018

Summary

Problematic smartphone use (PSU) is linked to lower nature connectedness and higher anxiety. A specific threshold on the Problematic Smartphone Use Scale (PSUS) effectively identifies individuals with low nature connectedness.

Keywords:

addiction anxiety nature connectedness smartphones

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Published on: June 17, 2013

Area of Science:

Psychology
Environmental Psychology
Digital Well-being

Background:

Increasing smartphone use coincides with societal disconnection from nature.
Problematic smartphone use (PSU) affects a minority of individuals.
Research explores the interplay between technology, nature, and mental health.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate associations between problematic smartphone use (PSU), nature connectedness, and anxiety.
Determine diagnostic utility of the Problematic Smartphone Use Scale (PSUS).
Identify optimal cut-off points for PSU related to nature connectedness and anxiety.

Main Methods:

Cross-sectional study with 244 participants.
Utilized the Problematic Smartphone Use Scale (PSUS).
Employed Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine diagnostic thresholds and likelihood ratios (LR+).

Main Results:

Confirmed associations between PSU and both nature connectedness and anxiety.
ROC analysis indicated good diagnostic ability for identifying low nature connectedness (PSUS threshold 15.5, LR+ 2.88).
Diagnostic ability for anxiety was poor and non-significant.

Conclusions:

The PSUS shows potential as a diagnostic tool for problematic smartphone use.
A specific level of smartphone use, potentially perceived as non-problematic, is a significant indicator for nature connectedness.
Findings highlight the importance of managing smartphone use for fostering nature connection.