Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 14, 2026

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content
Published on: June 29, 2016
Behavioral/Emotional Problems of Preschoolers: Caregiver/Teacher Reports From 15 Societies
Leslie A Rescorla1, Thomas M Achenbach1, Masha Y Ivanova1
1Leslie A. Rescorla, PhD (Bryn Mawr College); Thomas M. Achenbach, PhD, and Masha Y. Ivanova, PhD (University of Vermont); Niels Bilenberg, MD, PhD, Solvejg Kristensen, MHSc (University of Southern Denmark); Gudrun Bjarnadottir, PhD (Glaesibaer & Arbaer Health Clinics, Iceland); Silvia Denner, PhD (Dortmund University, Germany); Pedro Dias, PhD, and Bárbara César Machado, PhD (Catholic University of Portugal); Anca Dobrean, PhD (Babes-Bolyai University, Romania); Manfred Döpfner, PhD, and Julia Plück, PhD (University of Cologne, Germany); Alessandra Frigerio, PhD, and Rosario Montirosso, MSc (Scientific Institute "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini [LC], Italy); Miguel Gonçalves, PhD (University of Minho, Portugal); Halldór Guđmundsson, MA (University of Iceland); Roma Jusiene, PhD (Vilnius University, Lithuania); Felipe Lecannelier, MA, Sofia P. Löbel, Paola A. Mas, Jorge T. Rodriguez, and Pamela O. Rojas (University of Desarrollo, Chile); Patrick W. L. Leung, PhD (Chinese University of Hong Kong); Jianghong Liu, PhD (University of Pennsylvania); Jasminka Markovic (Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Serbia); Elaheh Mohammad Esmaeili, PhD (Tehran Research Institute for Education, Iran); Adelina Ahmeti Pronaj and Mimoza Shahini, MD (University Clinical Center of Kosovo); Klaus Schmeck (Psychiatric University Hospitals-Basel, Switzerland); Jaime R. Silva, PhD (Universidad de la Frontera, Chile); Jan van der Ende, MA, and Frank C. Verhulst, MD, PhD (Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands).
Abstract:
This study tested societal effects on caregiver/teacher ratings of behavioral/emotional problems for 10,521 preschoolers from 15 societies. Many societies had problem scale scores within a relatively narrow range, despite differences in language, culture, and other characteristics. The small age and gender effects were quite similar across societies. The rank orders of mean item ratings were similar across diverse societies. For 7,380 children from 13 societies, ratings were also obtained from a parent. In all 13 societies, mean Total Problems scores derived from parent ratings were significantly higher than mean Total Problems scores derived from caregiver/teacher ratings, although the size of the difference varied somewhat across societies. Mean cross-informant agreement for problem scale scores varied across societies. Societies were very similar with respect to which problem items, on average, received high versus low ratings from parents and caregivers/teachers. Within every society, cross-informant agreement for item ratings varied widely across children. In most respects, results were quite similar across 15 very diverse societies.
Related Concept Videos
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a...
Physiology of Emotion
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a critical role in emotional responses by regulating involuntary physiological functions. It consists of two main components: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system...
Emotional Expression
Universal Facial Expressions
Psychologist Paul Ekman identified seven basic...
Labeling Emotion
Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching II: Planning and Implementation

