Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space
Published on: July 16, 2009
Space-brain: The negative effects of space exposure on the central nervous system
Rahul Jandial1, Reid Hoshide2, J Dawn Waters3
1Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope, Los Angeles, USA.
Abstract:
Journey to Mars will be a large milestone for all humankind. Throughout history, we have learned lessons about the health dangers associated with exploratory voyages to expand our frontiers. Travelling through deep space, the final frontier, is planned for the 2030s by NASA. The lessons learned from the adverse health effects of space exposure have been encountered from previous, less-lengthy missions. Prolonged multiyear deep space travel to Mars could be encumbered by significant adverse health effects, which could critically affect the safety of the mission and its voyagers. In this review, we discuss the health effects of the central nervous system by space exposure. The negative effects from space radiation and microgravity have been detailed. Future aims and recommendations for the safety of the voyagers have been discussed. With proper planning and anticipation, the mission to Mars can be done safely and securely.
Related Concept Videos
Space Trusses
At the core of a space truss lies the fundamental unit known as the tetrahedron. This structure is composed of six members that form a three-dimensional shape...
State Space Representation
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
Space Trusses: Problem Solving
Consider a tripod consisting of a tetrahedral space truss with a ball-and-socket joint at C. Suppose the height and lengths of the horizontal and vertical...
Transfer Function to State Space
In an RLC...
State Space to Transfer Function
The transformation process begins with the state-space representation, characterized by the state equation and the output equation. These equations are typically represented as:
Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

