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Related Concept Videos

Yeast Signaling01:28

Yeast Signaling

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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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The Ras Gene02:38

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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What is Cell Signaling?

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Related Experiment Video

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Unravelling the Function of a Bacterial Effector from a Non-cultivable Plant Pathogen Using a Yeast Two-hybrid Screen
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Ras signalling in pathogenic yeasts.

Daniel R Pentland1, Elliot Piper-Brown1, Fritz A Mühlschlegel1,2

  • 1Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT2 7NJ.

Microbial Cell (Graz, Austria)
|February 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Ras proteins regulate fungal growth and virulence. Targeting unique fungal Ras sequences offers a promising strategy for developing new antifungal therapies against resistant pathogens.

Keywords:
C. albicansC. neoformansRas signallingbiofilmmorphogenesispathogenicity

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Mycology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Ras proteins are small GTPases crucial for eukaryotic cell regulation, including growth, stress response, and cell death.
  • Constitutive forms of Ras proteins are oncogenic, underscoring the importance of Ras activity control.
  • Ras plays a significant role in fungal pathogen virulence, regulating adaptations necessary for infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of Ras protein function and signaling in major human yeast pathogens, *Candida albicans* and *Cryptococcus neoformans*.
  • To discuss the potential of targeting Ras as a novel approach for antifungal therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on Ras protein function in fungal pathogens.
  • Analysis of conserved and non-conserved regulatory sequences within fungal Ras proteins.

Main Results:

  • Ras is essential for virulence in key fungal pathogens like *Candida albicans* and *Cryptococcus neoformans*.
  • Non-conserved regulatory sequences in fungal Ras proteins present potential targets for drug development.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting Ras offers a promising avenue for novel antifungal therapies, particularly given rising antifungal resistance.
  • Exploiting unique fungal Ras features may lead to the development of effective treatments against invasive fungal infections.