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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction
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Leveraging Genomics for Head and Neck Cancer Treatment.

J D Kemmer1, D E Johnson1, J R Grandis1

  • 11 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|February 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomic insights into head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) reveal key characteristics, but effective targeted therapies and predictive biomarkers are still needed for precision medicine approaches.

Keywords:
biomarkershead and neck neoplasmshuman papillomavirusmolecular targeted therapyprecision medicinesquamous cell carcinoma of head and neck

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Area of Science:

  • Genomic research
  • Oncology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • The genomic landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is increasingly understood, including distinct features of human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated tumors.
  • Despite advances in molecular characterization, current treatments for recurrent/metastatic HNSCC remain largely surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, with limited efficacy of approved targeted agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge of the HNSCC genomic landscape.
  • To discuss approved and emerging molecular targeting agents for HNSCC treatment.
  • To explore precision medicine strategies for HNSCC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genomic data sets for HNSCC.
  • Analysis of approved and investigational molecular targeting agents.
  • Discussion of precision medicine principles in the context of HNSCC.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of key genetic and epigenetic alterations in HNSCC, including HPV-driven tumors.
  • Identification of limited efficacy of current targeted therapies in subsets of HNSCC patients.
  • Recognition of the lack of predictive biomarkers as a barrier to precision medicine.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of HNSCC genomics has not yet translated into broadly effective targeted therapies.
  • Development of predictive biomarkers is crucial for advancing precision medicine in HNSCC.
  • Further research into molecular targeting agents and personalized treatment strategies is warranted.