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Related Concept Videos

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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Attitude is our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object. We have attitudes for many things ranging from products that we might pick up in the supermarket to people around the world to political policies. Typically, attitudes are favorable or unfavorable: positive or negative (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). And, they have three components: an affective component (feelings), a behavioral component (the effect of the attitude on behavior), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge;...
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In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
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Neurosyphilis: Knowledge Gaps and Controversies.

Susan Tuddenham1, Khalil G Ghanem

  • 1From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
|February 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Syphilis rates are rising, and neurosyphilis diagnosis and treatment face challenges. Addressing knowledge gaps in neurosyphilis epidemiology, diagnosis, and management is critical for public health.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Syphilis incidence has increased in the US since 2000.
  • Treponema pallidum can rapidly disseminate to the central nervous system.
  • Neurosyphilis presents complex challenges in epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review identifies and discusses critical knowledge gaps and controversies in neurosyphilis.
  • It aims to highlight areas needing further research and clinical attention.
  • The focus is on epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on neurosyphilis.
  • Analysis of limitations in diagnostic modalities and prevalence estimates.
  • Examination of controversies in clinical management and treatment guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Estimates of neurosyphilis prevalence are unreliable due to inconsistent data and small studies.
  • Current diagnostic tools for neurosyphilis have significant limitations.
  • Novel biomarkers have not yet been adopted into clinical practice.
  • The utility of cerebrospinal fluid examination in asymptomatic patients is debated.
  • Evidence for alternative neurosyphilis treatments is limited.

Conclusions:

  • Significant knowledge gaps persist in understanding and managing neurosyphilis.
  • There is an urgent need for improved diagnostic tools and standardized reporting.
  • Further research is essential to guide effective treatment strategies amidst rising syphilis rates.