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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes
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Modulation of Nuclear Receptor Function by Chromatin Modifying Factor TIP60.

Bharti Jaiswal1, Ashish Gupta1

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Endocrinology
|February 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tat interactive protein 60 (TIP60) regulates nuclear receptors (NRs) by modulating their transcriptional activity. This review summarizes TIP60

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nuclear receptors (NRs) are key transcription factors.
  • NR activity is modulated by ligands and coregulators.
  • Coactivators, like TIP60, possess histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of TIP60 as a coregulator for various NRs.
  • To discuss the functional implications of TIP60 in NR regulation.
  • To explore TIP60's link to metabolic disorders and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on TIP60 and NRs.
  • Analysis of TIP60's mechanism as a coactivator.
  • Examination of TIP60's involvement in disease.

Main Results:

  • TIP60 modulates diverse NR functions.
  • TIP60's HAT activity influences chromatin accessibility.
  • TIP60 is implicated in NR-associated diseases.

Conclusions:

  • TIP60 is a crucial NR coregulator with broad physiological roles.
  • Understanding TIP60's function offers therapeutic potential.
  • TIP60 may be a drug target for metabolic disorders and cancers.