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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
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Density, specific weight, specific gravity, and compressibility are fundamental properties of fluids. Density is the mass per unit volume, characterizing the mass of a fluid system. It influences buoyancy, pressure, flow dynamics, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and sound propagation. For instance, in pipeline design, accurate density measurements ensure that the pipeline can handle the fluid's mass.
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Thyroid-Specific PPARγ Deletion Is Benign in the Mouse.

Jingcheng Yu1, Ronald J Koenig1

  • 1Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Endocrinology
|February 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid-specific deletion of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) did not affect thyroid function or size in mice. PPARγ does not appear to act as a tumor suppressor in thyrocytes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is implicated in tumor suppression in various tissues.
  • A PAX8-PPARγ fusion protein (PPFP) is oncogenic in thyroid cancer, suggesting potential inhibition of endogenous PPARγ.
  • The role of PPARγ specifically within thyroid cells (thyrocytes) remained uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of PPARγ in thyroid biology.
  • To determine if PPARγ acts as a tumor suppressor in thyrocytes.
  • To assess potential oncogenic synergy between PPARγ loss and Pten deletion in thyroid cancer development.

Main Methods:

  • Created thyroid-specific genetic knockout mice for Pparg (murine PPARγ gene).
  • Analyzed thyroid size, histology, gene expression, and serum thyroxine (T4) levels.
  • Investigated the impact of combined thyroid-specific deletion of Pparg and Pten (a negative regulator of AKT) on thyroid hyperplasia.

Main Results:

  • Loss of thyroidal PPARγ expression did not alter thyroid size, histology, thyroid-specific gene expression, or serum T4 levels.
  • Thyroid-specific Pten deletion caused benign thyroid hyperplasia, which was not exacerbated by concurrent Pparg deletion.
  • PPFP-induced thyroid cancers showed increased AKT activation, but this did not involve endogenous PPARγ in the studied contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Thyrocyte PPARγ does not play a significant role in normal thyroid development or function.
  • PPARγ does not function as a tumor suppressor in the thyroid gland under the conditions studied.
  • There is no significant oncogenic synergy between PPARγ and Pten loss in thyroid hyperplasia.