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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
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Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity01:11

Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity

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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
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Enteral Nutrition I: Orogastric and Nasogastric Feeding01:26

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Enteral nutrition delivers nutrients directly to the stomach or small intestine through a tube. This method is appropriate for patients who cannot eat but still have a functioning digestive system. It is also beneficial for individuals with swallowing difficulties, anorexia, malabsorption, or those who have undergone gastrointestinal (GI) surgery.
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Enteral Nutrition II: Nasointestinal and Gastrostomy Feeding01:15

Enteral Nutrition II: Nasointestinal and Gastrostomy Feeding

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Enteral nutrition encompasses various methods of delivering nutrition directly to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, bypassing traditional oral intake. It is particularly beneficial for patients who cannot eat by mouth but have a functioning digestive system. Key methods include nasointestinal feeding, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy, each suited to different clinical scenarios based on the patient's needs and condition.
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Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants.

Katharine M Simpson1, Robert J Callan1, David C Van Metre1

  • 1Livestock Medicine and Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
|February 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Clostridial abomasitis and enteritis are significant ruminant diseases caused by Clostridium perfringens overgrowth and exotoxin release. This review covers causes, diagnosis, and treatment for these gastrointestinal infections.

Keywords:
AbomasitisClostridium difficileClostridium perfringensEnteritisEnterotoxemiaRuminant

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Microbiology
  • Ruminant Health

Background:

  • Clostridial abomasitis and enteritis are common alimentary diseases in domestic ruminants.
  • These conditions often arise from Clostridium perfringens overgrowth, leading to exotoxin-induced mucosal necrosis.
  • Clostridium difficile is a less frequent cause of enteritis in calves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of clostridial gastrointestinal diseases in ruminants.
  • To detail the causes, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.
  • To emphasize the diverse disease forms and individual case management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clostridial gastrointestinal diseases in ruminants.
  • Synthesis of information on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostics.
  • Compilation of current treatment and prevention recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Clostridium perfringens types A-E are primary causative agents, releasing potent exotoxins.
  • Necrosis of the abomasal and intestinal mucosa is a hallmark pathological finding.
  • Clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen in some cases, particularly in calves.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management requires accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment for individual cases.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology of clostridial infections is crucial for prevention.
  • Control strategies should address bacterial overgrowth and toxin neutralization.