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Related Concept Videos

Cytoplasm01:16

Cytoplasm

91.9K
The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The cytosol is a rich broth of water, ions, salts, and various organic molecules.
Protein Folding and Misfolding
The cytoplasm is the location for several cellular processes, including protein synthesis and folding. The aqueous nature of the cytosol promotes protein folding such that the hydrophobic amino acid side chains are buried in the protein...
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Cytoplasm01:24

Cytoplasm

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The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The cytosol is a rich broth of water, ions, salts, and various organic molecules.
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The cytoplasm is the location for several cellular processes, including protein synthesis and folding. The aqueous nature of the cytosol promotes protein folding such that the hydrophobic amino acid side chains are buried in the protein...
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Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

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Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
Distribution of cytoplasmic determinants
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
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Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

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UTX - moonlighting in the cytoplasm?

Ralf Wiedemuth1, Sebastian Thieme1, Katrin Navratiel1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic 'Carl Gustav Carus' Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|February 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The histone demethylase UTX primarily resides in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus. This cytoplasmic localization suggests novel biological functions beyond its known epigenetic role in gene regulation.

Keywords:
DemethylaseDemethylase-independentHistoneLocalizationNLSUTXUTY

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The X-linked histone demethylase UTX (ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme) is crucial for embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and cancer.
  • UTX regulates gene expression by removing H3K27 di- and trimethyl marks, but emerging evidence suggests functions independent of its demethylase activity.
  • Understanding UTX's subcellular localization is key to elucidating its non-epigenetic roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the native subcellular localization of the histone demethylase UTX.
  • To investigate potential novel functions of UTX based on its localization.

Main Methods:

  • Immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize native UTX.
  • Expression of GFP and Flag-tagged UTX constructs to assess localization of tagged proteins.

Main Results:

  • Native UTX was predominantly found in the cytoplasm.
  • Ectopically expressed GFP- and Flag-tagged UTX showed both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization.
  • This contrasts with the nuclear localization expected for its epigenetic function.

Conclusions:

  • Native UTX's primary cytoplasmic localization indicates a significant biological role outside the nucleus.
  • This finding opens avenues for exploring novel, non-epigenetic functions of UTX in cellular processes.