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Related Concept Videos

Pulse01:16

Pulse

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
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Terawatt-scale optical half-cycle attosecond pulses.

Jiancai Xu1, Baifei Shen2,3,4, Xiaomei Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 800-211, Shanghai, 201800, China.

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Summary

Researchers developed a new method to create ultra-intense optical attosecond pulses. This breakthrough enables new studies of electron dynamics and nonlinear phenomena at the atomic scale.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic Physics
  • Ultrafast Science
  • Laser Physics

Background:

  • Extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulses are used to study ultrafast electron dynamics.
  • Weak intensities of XUV pulses limit investigations into nonlinear responses of inner-shell electrons.
  • Optical attosecond pulses offer higher photon flux for strong-field processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel method for generating ultra-intense isolated optical attosecond pulses.
  • To overcome the limitations of current attosecond pulse technologies for exploring nonlinear electron dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing relativistic multi-cycle laser pulse interaction with a designed gas-foil target.
  • Employing an underdense gas target to sharpen the laser pulse and create a dense relativistic electron layer.
  • Directing the electron layer through an oblique foil to emit attosecond pulses.

Main Results:

  • Generation of an isolated optical attosecond pulse with peak intensity > 10^18 W/cm^2.
  • Achieved pulse duration of 200 attoseconds (as) with a peak power of 2 terawatts.
  • Demonstrated a novel method that bypasses the single-cycle driving pulse requirement.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method significantly boosts peak power for attosecond pulse generation.
  • Opens new experimental avenues for studying nonlinear responses of inner-shell electrons.
  • Enables investigation of nonlinear attosecond phenomena with unprecedented intensity.