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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas
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Organic Matter in Cosmic Dust.

Scott A Sandford1, Cecile Engrand2, Alessandra Rotundi3,4

  • 1NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.

Elements (Quebec, Quebec)
|February 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cosmic dust contains diverse organic materials, some with interstellar origins. Studying these samples, obtainable from Earth and space, offers insights into the early Solar System.

Keywords:
Carbonaceous MatterCosmic DustHydrocarbonsMicroanalysisOrganics

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Area of Science:

  • Astrochemistry
  • Cosmochemistry
  • Planetary Science

Background:

  • Organic compounds are prevalent in cosmic dust across various environments.
  • Remote observations limit understanding; direct sampling is crucial.
  • Extraterrestrial dust samples are accessible via Earth's stratosphere, Antarctic ice, near-Earth orbit, and space missions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diverse organic materials within cosmic dust.
  • To understand the origins and chemical processes of these organics.
  • To highlight the importance of studying these samples for early Solar System insights.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of extraterrestrial dust samples collected from diverse locations.
  • Remote telescope observations for comparative analysis.
  • Isotopic analysis (e.g., Deuterium (D) and Nitrogen-15 (15N)) to infer origins.

Main Results:

  • Cosmic dust harbors a wide array of organic materials.
  • Evidence of diverse chemical processes contributing to organic formation.
  • Isotopic enrichments (D and 15N) suggest interstellar/protosolar heritage for some organics.

Conclusions:

  • Cosmic dust is a rich source of organic matter with varied origins.
  • Direct sample analysis is key to understanding cosmic organics.
  • These samples are vital for reconstructing the early Solar System's conditions.