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Related Concept Videos

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Second Malignancies after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Ivetta Danylesko1,2, Avichai Shimoni3,4

  • 1The Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.

Current Treatment Options in Oncology
|February 10, 2018
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Summary

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) survivors face a risk of developing second cancers, particularly solid tumors, years after treatment. Lifelong screening is crucial for early detection and prevention in these patients.

Keywords:
Hematological malignanciesLong-term follow-upSecond malignanciesStem-cell transplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Transplantation Medicine

Background:

  • Second malignancies are a recognized complication following hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (SCT).
  • Solid tumors can arise up to 15 years post-SCT, with no plateau in incidence, contributing significantly to late mortality.
  • Risk factors include advanced age at SCT, myeloablative conditioning with total body irradiation, and chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the incidence, risk factors, and types of second malignancies after SCT.
  • To discuss therapy-related myeloid neoplasms and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.
  • To emphasize the need for lifelong cancer screening and prevention in SCT survivors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on second malignancies post-SCT.
  • Analysis of risk factors associated with different conditioning regimens (myeloablative vs. reduced-intensity).
  • Categorization of common and emerging second malignancy types.

Main Results:

  • Solid tumors occur in up to 15% of patients 15 years post-SCT, with increased incidence in older patients.
  • Total body irradiation is linked to adenocarcinomas; chronic graft-versus-host disease is associated with squamous cell cancers.
  • Excess cancers include melanoma, skin, oral, head/neck, brain, liver, cervical, thyroid, breast, lung, and GI cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Second malignancies are a significant long-term concern after SCT, with varied risk factors and tumor types.
  • Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease represent distinct entities.
  • Lifelong cancer surveillance and preventive strategies are essential for all SCT survivors.