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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase
Published on: December 19, 2011
Staphylokinase Enzyme: An Overview of Structure, Function and Engineered Forms
Bahareh Vakili1, Navid Nezafat2,3, Manica Negahdaripour2,3
1Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Background:
One of the most important causes of death in the modern lifestyle is acute ischemic stroke, which is related to thrombosis in the blood vessels. Staphylokinase (SAK), a fibrinolytic agent, which is produced mainly by Staphylococcus aureus, is an indirect activator of plasminogen and belongs to the third generation of fibrinolytic enzymes.
Methods:
Considering the very low level of production and immunogenicity concerns of natural SAK produced by Staphylococcus aureus, attempts have been made to produce recombinant SAKs with high production levels, more fibrinolytic activities and low immunogenicity.
Results And Conclusion:
In this review, we summarized a number of expression systems based on recombinant DNA technology and protein-engineering approaches, which have been developed for the production of engineered recombinant SAK molecules with higher fibrinolytic activities and lower antigenicity.
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