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Related Concept Videos

Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.8K

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Ion distribution in dry polyelectrolyte multilayers: a neutron reflectometry study.

Yara E Ghoussoub1, Maximilian Zerball, Hadi M Fares

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA. schlen@chem.fsu.edu.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrathin films of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) show rapid counterion transport. Even with excess PDADMA, films achieve uniform counterion distribution during layer-by-layer construction.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption is a versatile technique for fabricating ultrathin films.
  • Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) composed of polycations and polyanions are widely studied for various applications.
  • Understanding the internal structure and composition of PEMs is crucial for controlling their properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the composition and structure of ultrathin PDADMA/PSS films prepared by LbL adsorption.
  • To determine the distribution of polymers and counterions within the as-made and processed multilayers.
  • To elucidate the dynamics of counterion transport during PEM formation.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of ultrathin films using the layer-by-layer adsorption technique on silicon wafers.
  • Neutron reflectivity measurements to probe film composition and structure.
  • Experimental determination of polymer and counterion concentrations using both protiated and deuterated counterions.

Main Results:

  • All films terminated with PDADMA exhibited excess polycation, balanced by counterions.
  • Neutron reflectivity data revealed uniform counterion concentrations throughout the films, even in as-made samples.
  • Fast and complete transport of excess cationic charge was observed during film construction, occurring within minutes.

Conclusions:

  • The layer-by-layer adsorption process facilitates rapid and efficient counterion redistribution within PDADMA/PSS films.
  • Experimental determination of composition provides accurate insights into film structure, minimizing fitting ambiguities.
  • The findings highlight the dynamic nature of PEM formation and the significant role of counterion mobility.